Foraminal / Central canal stenosis with nerve root compression at L4,L5 Lumbar Vertebra level

Symptoms:

• Numbness, tingling, or burning sensation with radiculopathy down leg
• May also present only locally in front of leg with similar neurological symptoms
• Severe pain in low back region
• Painful to lean backwards (may produce sharp pain or neurological symptoms in front of leg)
• Weakness in leg(s)
• Muscle atrophy in lower limb
• Patient may find relief laying on their back with knees bent and legs raised onto a chair

A) Lumbar Disc herniation (M>F 40-60)

Caused by:

• trauma
• poor posture,
• repetitive activity
• overweight

Diagnosed via:

• Muscle testing (myotomes)
• Sensory testing (dermatomes)
• Patella tendon reflexes
• Lying / Sitting straight leg test
• Valsalva manoeuvre
• Observing for atrophy in muscles
• Case history of trauma, or poor lifting techniques involving twisting
• MRI

Treatment:

• Surgery
• Cortisone injection
• Conservative – medication, rest, manual therapy to surrounding musculature
• Disc herniations can heal on their own in 6-9 months

B) Vertebral spurs

Caused by:

• Osteoarthritis
• Trauma / Injury / fractures

Diagnosed by:

• X-ray

Treatment:

• Medication to reduce inflammation and pain
• Cortisone injection
• Surgery
• Manual therapy to surrounding musculature

C) Anterior longitudinal ligament ossification (Thickening)

Caused by:

• Unknown
• Hereditary
• Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
• Trauma

Diagnosed by:

• X-ray / MRI

Treatment:

• Medication to reduce inflammation and pain
• Manual therapy to surrounding musculature
• Cortisone injection
• Surgery indicated when airways are potentially being blocked

D) Space occupying lesion (Cyst)

Caused by:

• Genetics
• Chronic inflammatory conditions
• Trauma / Injury to arteries, veins, lymphatics
• Blockages to ducts

Diagnosed by:

• MRI

Treatment:

• Surgery

Drainage

• Injecting cyst to reduce swelling and pain
• Laser removal

E) Space occupying lesion (Tumour)

Symptoms:

• May include systemic signs such as night pain, night sweats, fever, or enlarged lymph nodes

Caused by:

• Genetics
• Trauma / Injury
• Infectious disease
• Obesity
• Cigarette smoking / Excessive alcohol

Diagnosed by:

• MRI

Treatment:

• Surgery
• Radiation / Chemotherapy

Local peripheral nerve damage (Superficial fibular peroneal nerve)

• Numbness and tingling
• Sharp, jabbing, or throbbing pain
• Sensitive to touch
• Gradual onset of symptoms
• Caused by local trauma, repetitive movements, crushed, or cut nerves (surgery),
• Medical causes: Diabetes, Multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
• Electromyography (EMG test), Ultrasound, Nerve conduction test
• Treatment: self-resolving in 12 months, Surgery, or may not fully resolve

Multiple sclerosis (F>M 20-40)

• Peripheral neuropathies (numbness, tingling)
• Commonly unilateral
• Blurred or loss of vision in one eye
• May cause atrophy of muscles or loss of motor control
• May cause tremors
• Weakness in one or both legs
• Clumsiness of limb
• Feeling of walking on cotton wool
• Diagnosed through MRI (looking for lesions on brain or spinal cord), Lumbar puncture looking for abnormalities in antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid associated with MS)
• Often a diagnosis of exclusion as other conditions produce similar symptoms
• Treatment: medications

Diabetes

• Feeling of thirst
• Losing weight
• Urinating often
• Blurry vision
• Hunger
• Numbness and tingling
• Tiredness
• Dry skin
• Wounds may have trouble healing
• Prolonged bruising

Type 1

• Condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin

Caused by:

• Unknown, has genetic links

Diagnostic tests:

• Random blood-sugar test
• Glycated Hemoglobin A1C blood test measures your blood sugar level over 2–3-month period to determine if it is consistently high

Management:

• Insulin injections
• Insulin pump

Type 2 (more common)

• Condition where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin
• Insulin that is produced in the pancreas does not work effectively
• Insulin is produced in the pancreas, but the body’s cells do not respond effectively

Caused by:

• Family history
• Age 45+
• Overweight
• High blood pressure
• Polycystic ovarian syndrome
• Gestational diabetes
• Giving birth to baby over 4.5kg (9lbs)

Diagnostic tests:

• Glycated Hemoglobin A1C blood test measures your blood sugar level over 2-3 month period to determine if it is consistently high
• Fasting glucose test

Management:

• Medication
• Lifestyle changes

Reflex sympathetic disorder (Complex regional pain syndrome)

• Chronic limb pain
• Pain is greater than expected than injury that may have caused it
• Continuous throbbing, burning, numbness and tingling
• Sensitive to touch (painful)
• Skin colour and temperature changes
• Not well understood
• May be post-surgery, injury, stroke, or heart attack
• May involve abnormal inflammation or nerve dysfunction